जयशंकर प्रसाद (30 जनवरी 1890 – 15 नवम्बर 1937) की जीवनी
जयशंकर प्रसाद जी हिंदी के कवि, नाटकार, कथाकार, उपन्यासकार तथा निबन्धकार थे। वे हिन्दी के छायावादी युग के 4 प्रमुख स्तंभों में से एक हैं। उन्होंने हिंदी काव्य में छायावाद की स्थापना की जिसके द्वारा खड़ी बोली भाषा का विकास हुआ।
इन्होने एक साथ कविता, नाटक,और उपन्यास मे काफी गौरब प्राप्त किया. ये निराला, पन्त, महादेवी वर्मा के साथ छायावाद के चौथे स्तंभ के रूप में प्रतिष्ठित हुए है. नाटक लेखन मे ये युगप्रवर्तक नाटककार रहे जिनके नाटक लोग आज भी बड़े चाव से पड़ते है.इसके साथ इन्होने उपन्यास मे भी अपनी काफी चाप छोड़ी है. 48 वर्षो के छोटे से जीवन काल में इन्होने कविता,निबंध,नाटक,उपन्यास और कहानी आदि विभिन्न रचनाएँ की.
उनको ‘कामायनी ‘ के लिए मंगलप्रसाद पारितोषिक प्राप्त हुआ था। इन्होने अपने जीवन मे कवी भी साहित्य को अपनी कमाई का सादन नहीं बनाया, अपितु वे साधना समझकर ही साहित्य की रचना करते रहे।
जीवन परिचय
प्रसाद जी का जन्म 30जनवरी 1890 ई• ,गुरुवार को काशी के सरायगोवर्धन में हुआ। इनके दादा बाबू शिवरतन साहू थे जिनको दान देने मे सर्वोपरी माना जाता है और पिता बाबू देवीप्रसाद जी थे जो किसी भी कलाकार का बहुत आदर करते थे। इनका काशी में बहुत सम्मान था और काशी के लोग इनका हर हर महादेव से स्वागत किया करते थे. जवानी के पूर्व ही इनकी माता और बड़े भाई का निधन हो जाने के कारण 17 वर्ष की आयु में ही प्रसाद जी पर आपदाओं का पहाड़ टूट पड़ा।अपनी विधवा भाभी के साथ घर चलाने मे काफी सहयोग किया तथा बड़ी गंभीरता के साथ इस समय को व्यतीत किया. इनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा काशी मे queen’s college में हुई, किंतु बाद में घर पर इनकी शिक्षा हुई , जहाँ इन्होने हिंदी, संस्कृत, उर्दू, तथा फारसी का अध्ययन किया। दीनबंधु ब्रह्मचारी इनके संस्कृत के अध्यापक थे। ‘रसमय सिद्ध‘ को भी इनका गुरु कहा जाता है।
साहित्य और कला के प्रति उनमें प्रारंभ से ही रुचि थी क्यूंकि इनके घर का वातावरण इसी तरह का था और कहा जाता है कि नौ वर्ष की उम्र में ही उन्होंने ‘कलाधर’ के नाम से व्रजभाषा में एक सवैया लिखा और ‘रसमय सिद्ध’ को दिखाया था। इन्होने वेद, इतिहास और साहित्य का बहुत अध्ययन किया । वे बाग-बगीचे तथा खाना बनाने के शौकीन थे और शतरंज के भी अछे खिलाड़ी थे। वे हमेशा व्यायाम करनेवाले, शाकाहारी खान-पान एवं गंभीर व्यक्ति थे। नागरीप्रचारिणी सभा के उपाध्यक्ष भी थे। क्षय रोग से नवम्बर 15, 1937 (सोमवार) को प्रातःकाल (आयु 48) उनका निधन काशी में हुआ।
रचनाएँ
प्रसाद जी के जीवनकाल में ऐसे साहित्यकार काशी में वर्तमान थे जिन्होंने अपनी कृतियों द्वारा हिंदी साहित्य की श्रीवृद्धि की। उनके बीच रहकर प्रसाद ने भी अनन्य गौरवशाली साहित्य की सृष्टि की। कविता, कहानी, उपन्यास, नाटक ओर निबंध, साहित्य की प्राय: सभी विधाओं में उन्होंने ऐतिहासिक महत्व की रचनाएँ कीं तथा खड़ी बोली की श्रीसंपदा को महान् और मौलिक दान से समृद्ध किया। कालक्रम से प्रकाशित उनकी कृतियाँ ये हैं :
उर्वशी (चंपू) ; सम्राट चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य (निबंध); शोकोच्छवास (कविता); प्रेमराज्य (क) ; सज्जन (एकांक), कल्याणी परिणय (एकाकीं); छाया (कहानीसंग्रह); कानन कुसुम (काव्य); करुणालय (गीतिकाव्य); प्रेमपथिक (काव्य); प्रायश्चित (एकांकी); महाराणा का महत्व (काव्य); राजश्री (नाटक) चित्राधार (इसमे उनकी 20 वर्ष तक की ही रचनाएँ हैं)। झरना (काव्य); विशाख (नाटक); अजातशत्रु (नाटक); कामना (नाटक), आँसू (काव्य), जनमेजय का नागयज्ञ (नाटक); प्रतिध्वनि (कहानी संग्रह); स्कंदगुप्त (नाटक); एक घूँट (एकांकी); अकाशदीप (कहानी संग्रह); ध्रुवस्वामिनी (नाटक); तितली (उपन्यास); लहर (काव्य संग्रह); इंद्रजाल (कहानीसंग्रह); कामायनी (महाकाव्य); इरावती (अधूरा उपन्यास)। प्रसाद संगीत (नाटकों में आए हुए गीत)।
| · कानन कुसुम
· झरना · आंसू · लहर · कामायनी · प्रेम पथिक |
· स्कंदगुप्त
· कामना · एक घूंट |
· छाया
· आकाशदीप · आंधी |
· कंकाल
· तितली · इरावती |
काव्य
प्रसाद ने काव्यरचना ब्रजभाषा में आरंभ की और धीर-धीरे खड़ी बोली को अपनाते हुए काफी प्रतिष्ठित हुए।
उनकी काव्य रचनाओं को दो भागों मे विभक्त किया गया है : काव्यपथ और रससिद्ध. आँसू, लहर तथा कामायनी दूसरे वर्ग की रचनाएँ हैं। इन रचनाओं की वजह से हिंदी काव्य को इनकी निम्नलिखित दें मानी जा सकती है.
उनकी प्रथम छायावादी रचना ‘खोलो द्वार’ 1914 ई. में इंदु में प्रकाशित हुई। उन्होंने हिंदी में ‘करुणालय’ द्वारा गीत नाट्य का भी आरंभ किया।
काव्यक्षेत्र में प्रसाद जी की कीर्ति का मूलाधार ‘कामायनी’ है। खड़ी बोली का यह अद्वितीय महाकव्य मनु और श्रद्धा को आधार बनाकर रचित मानवता को विजयिनी बनाने का संदेश देता है। उनकी यह कृति छायावाद ओर खड़ी बोली की काव्यगरिमा का बड़ा उदाहरण है। पंत इसे ‘हिंदी में ताजमहल के समान’ मानते हैं। किसी भी दृष्टि से इसकी तुलना खड़ी बोली के किसी भी काव्य से नहीं की जा सकती है।
कहानी तथा उपन्यास
उनकी पहली कहानी ‘ग्राम’ 1912 ई. में ‘इंदु’ में प्रकाशित हुई। तभी से गतिपूर्वक आधुनिक कहानियों की रचना हिंदी मे आरंभ हुई। इन्होने कुल 72 कहानियाँ लिखी। उनकी वातावरणप्रधान कहानियाँ अत्यंत सफल हुई हैं।
कुछ श्रेष्ठ कहानियों के नाम हैं : स्वर्ग के खंडहर में आँधी, आकाशदीप, गुंडा, पुरस्कार, सालवती, इंद्रजाल, छोटा जादूगर, बिसाती, मधुआ, विरामचिह्न, समुद्रसंतरण; अपनी कहानियों में जिन अमर चरित्रों की उन्होंने सृष्टि की है, उनमें से कुछ हैं चंपा, मधुलिका, लैला, इरावती, सालवती और मधुआ का शराबी, गुंडा का नन्हकूसिंह और घीसू जो कुछ न मिटने प्रभाव छोड़ जाते हैं।
इन्होंने तीन उपन्यास लिखे हैं। ‘कंकाल’, में नागरिक सभ्यता का अंतर ,’तितली’ में ग्रामीण जीवन के सुधार के संकेत, इन उपन्यासों के द्वारा प्रसाद जी हिंदी में यथार्थवादी उपन्यास लेखन के क्षेत्र मे अपनी गरिमा स्थापित की है। इरावती ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि पर लिखा गया इनका आधा उपन्यास है जो रोमांस के कारण ऐतिहासिक रोमांस के उपन्यासों में विशेष आदर का पात्र है। इनके उपन्यासों में ग्राम, नगर, प्रकृति और जीवन का मार्मिक चित्रण किया है जो भावुकता और कवित्व से पूर्ण होते हुए भी प्रौढ़ लोगों की शैल्पिक जिज्ञासा का समाधान करता है।
नाटक
प्रसाद ने कुल 13 नाटकों की रचना की। ‘कामना’ और ‘एक घूँट’ को छोड़कर ये सभी नाटक इतिहास पर आधारित हैं। वे हिंदी के सर्वश्रेष्ठ नाटककार हैं। उनके नाटकों में
जयशंकर प्रसाद ने अपने समय के पारसी रंगमंच की परंपरा को अस्वीकारते हुए भारत के गौरवमय अतीत के अनमोल चरित्रों को सामने लाते हुए अनंतीय नाटकों की रचना की। उनके नाटक स्कंदगुप्त, चंद्रगुप्त आदि में स्वर्णिम अतीत को सामने रखकर जेसे एक सोये हुए देश को जागने की प्रेरणा दी जा रही थी। उनके नाटकों में देशप्रेम का स्वर है और इन नाटकों में कई सुंदर और प्रसिद्ध गीत मिलते हैं। ‘हिमाद्रि तुंग शृंग से’, ‘अरुण यह मधुमय देश हमारा’ जैसे उनके नाटकों के गीत सुप्रसिद्ध रहे हैं।
इनके नाटकों पर अभिनेय न होने का आरोप है। आक्षेप लगता रहा है कि वे रंगमंच के हिसाब से नहीं लिखे गए है जिसका कारण यह बताया जाता है कि इनमे काव्यतत्व की प्रधानता, स्वगत कथनों का विस्तार, गायन का बीच बीच में प्रयोग तथा दृश्यों का त्रुटिपूर्ण संयोजन है।
निबंध
इन्होने सुरुँती समाय में समय समय पर ‘इंदु’ में विविध विषयों पर सामान्य निबंध लिखे। बाद में उन्होंने शोधपरक ऐतिहासिक निबंध, सम्राट् चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य, प्राचीन आर्यवर्त और उसका प्रथम सम्राट् आदि: भी लिखे हैं। ये उनकी साहित्यिक मान्यताओं की विश्लेषणात्मक वैज्ञानिक भूमिका प्रस्तुत करते हैं। विचारों की गहराई, भावों की प्रबलता तथा चिंतन और मनन की गंभीरता के ये महान प्रमाण हैं।
निधन
प्रसाद जी का देहान्त 15 नवम्बर , सन् 1937 ई. में हो गया। प्रसाद जी भारत के उन्नत अतीत का जीवित वातावरण प्रस्तुत करने में महान थे। उनकी बहुत सी कहानियाँ ऐसी हैं जिनमें आदि से अंत तक भारतीय संस्कृति एवं आदर्शो की रक्षा का सफल प्रयास किया गया है। और ‘आँसू’ ने उनके हृदय की उस पीड़ा को शब्द दिए जो उनके जीवन में अचानक मेहमान बनकर आई और हिन्दी भाषा को समृद्ध कर गई।
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